Vol. 7, Issue 2, Part A (2025)

Background: In Asia, about 1%-19.1% of the population suffer from urolithiasis. The epidemiology of urolithiasis differs according to geographical area and historical period: changing socio-economic conditions have generated changes in the incidenceand type of lithiasis in terms of both the site and the physical-chemical composition of the calculi.

Methodology: A retrospective case-control study was adopted for the study Among 120 patients from urology department of SPNMH, Khagaria. The tools included a semi-structured interview schedule for socio-personal and lifestyle factors, and a clinical data sheet for medical variables.

Results: Overall finding of this study revealed that significant associations between urolithiasis and frequent urinary tract infections (χ² = 5.886, p<0.01), low water intake (χ² = 16.5, p<0.001), reduced urine output (χ² = 24.2, p<0.001), and infrequent urination (χ² = 11.35, p<0.001). Dietary habits also showed significant associations: high consumption of red meat (χ² = 9.449, p<0.05), tea (χ² = 0.050, p<0.05), and low fruit intake (χ² = 14.8, p<0.001). Odds ratio analysis highlighted key risk factors: frequent urinary tract infections [OR = 9.007, CI: 1.98-75.020], congenital anomalies of the urinary system [OR = 1.07, CI: 1.001-1.146], immobility [OR = 1.071, CI: 1.001-1.146], and use of air conditioning [OR = 5.118, CI: 1.057-24.78]. Patients with recurrent UTIs were found to be approximately nine times more likely to develop urolithiasis.

Conclusions: The study emphasizes the importance of early identification and modification of lifestyle and clinical risk factors to prevent urolithiasis. Findings have implications for patient education, preventive strategies, and targeted urological care.